Sunday, April 20, 2014

Site Maps and Variations: A Real World Review

A sitemap is a useful tool both for users and designers of a web interface. Designers use sitemaps to visualize website navigation, while users rely on them in combination with search and browsing to help them find what they are looking for. A third user, search engines, rely on sitemaps in part to index websites. Increasingly, designers are integrating sitemaps and subsets of sitemaps directly into website navigation. For this report, I reviewed the literature on sitemaps to see how they have evolved as a tool for design and navigation and explore new uses and variations.
Background and Definitions
Much of the earliest literature on sitemaps describe them as a tool to help users navigate a website. A sitemap in this context is a page on a website that displays an organized list of links to every page on the site. In the 2002 edition ofElements of User Experience, Jesse James Garrett describes sitemaps as tools designers use to develop the structure of a website.
Sitemaps are also used as tools for design. Dan Brown (2011, p. 94) defines sitemaps as “A visual representation of the relationships between different pages on a web site. Also known as a structural model, taxonomy, hierarchy, navigation model, or site structure.” According to Brown, website designers, developers, project managers and stakeholders use site maps to:
  • Clarify information hierarchy,
  • Establish a navigational backbone, and
  • Facilitate content migrations.

Because of the dual use of sitemaps as a tool for design and as a navigational feature of a website, Jesse James Garrett recommends referring to a sitemap, the design tool, as an architectural diagram (Garrett, 2002, p. 17). Peter Morville and Louis Rosenfeld (2002) prefer the term blueprint, which also borrows from the terminology of physical architecture, but can be confused with other information architecture tools, such as wireframes, which employ the conventions of architectural blueprints, such as monochrome color scheme and annotation. In referring to the design tool, I prefer the term sitemap, because it conveys a sense of the orientation and context of site content, rather than instructions for building a site. 
Sitemaps as a Design Tool
Designers use sitemaps to develop a new site structure, create a current view of website content and to analyze gaps in content or problems in the arrangement of content (Brown, p. 95). Sitemaps are often created using a drawing tool such as Microsoft Visio or PowerPoint, but can also be represented in Excel. Drawing tools allow you to map relationships between pages by grouping boxes and connecting them with lines, much like an organizational chart. The following sitemap is the result of importing an Excel file into Visio:
sample-visio-sitemap
Figure 1: Sitemap from The Lazy IA’s Guide to Making Sitemaps (Turbek, 2006).
The presentation of a sitemap as a series of hierarchical boxes with interconnecting lines is useful in diagramming the relationships between content on a section of a website or within an entire website. These diagrams are rarely seen by website users, though the resulting structure informs the site navigational structure of the website and may be represented in a page on the website itself.
Sitemaps as a Navigation Tool
From a user’s perspective, “A site map’s main benefit is to give users an overview of the site’s areas in a single glance by dedicating an entire page to a visualization of the information architecture” (Nielsen, 2002). We think of user experience as a somewhat recent development in the design of interactive products. However, in an even earlier article about sitemaps, Peter van Dijck (1999) stresses that the user experience is paramount when developing a sitemap.
Van Dijck says that because users are looking for something specific on a website, the sitemap should be complete, so they can find it. Second, he says that since users are on a website to find information that is enjoyable and of interest, the sitemap should also include meta-information to help the user decide if the effort of clicking on a link is worth it. These are two requirements for sitemaps: completeness and meta-information. He suggests grouping pages within like ideas, highlighting the most popular pages in bold or color coding links. Most sitemaps follow this concept by grouping pages by top-level navigation and utility, or meta, navigation. Some also group links into facets in addition to the more traditional sections, but the goal is to present a visualization of every page on the website in one place, which is useful as a secondary navigation tool.
A 2002 study by Jakob Nielson provided a number of suggestions for effective sitemaps. It recommended that websites include a link to the sitemap on every page, clearly labeled “site map.” It also indicated that sitemaps should be relatively short, no more than two and a half times the window size. It recommended that layers of hierarchy are acceptable if designed well, i.e. simple and compact. It also suggested that interactive sitemaps can be confusing and should be avoided.
As for level of detail, Garrett (2002) states that a sitemap on a website should only show one to two levels of the site, rather than a complete map of every page. Nielsen, however, says a complete map is best for small sites, but that several levels can be displayed if the sitemap is designed well. Search engine optimization expert, Shari Thurow, recommends having a complete sitemap to improve accessibility by search engines (S. Thurow, personal communication, November 29, 2013).
Nielson also concluded, “…users are reluctant to use site maps and sometimes have problems even finding them.” In the study, only 27% of users turned to sitemaps to find information. Nielsen found that less than half of the sites included in his book, Homepage Usability, had sitemaps at all. Nielsen inferred that perhaps users didn’t expect a site to have a sitemap and simply didn’t look for them.
In a 2008 follow-up to his first sitemap study, Nielsen reported that sitemaps remain useful as a secondary navigation aid, despite the fact that sitemap usage fell to only 7% of users in the later study versus 27% in 2002, because “they’re the only feature that gives users a true overview of everything on a site.” He justified sitemaps because they don’t hurt people who don’t use them, they help those who do use them, and they are relatively inexpensive to produce (Nielsen, 2008).
Sitemap Alternatives
Nielsen notes, “Users go to site maps if they are lost, frustrated, or looking for specific details on a crowded site” (Nielsen, 2002). He likes sitemaps because they offer a clean, simple website overview and represent an alternative finding aid in what may be a cluttered website. I thought it might be interesting to look at some of the alternative variations on sitemaps that help users find content. It turns out that Nielsen has much to say about these alternatives as well.
Mega Drop-Down Menus
Nielsen (2009) refers to a study of “mega drop-down menus,” which are navigational features, often integrated with global navigation. Mega drop-down menus, also described as “fat menus,” are ways for site designers to include subpage navigation by segmenting content into groupings or popular links.
According to Nielsen, mega drop-down menus have the following characteristics:
  • Large, two-dimensional panels with options divided into groups
  • Choices are structured through layout and typography, and may use icons
  • Everything is visible at the same time without scrolling
  • Content is displayed in a vertical or horizontal form (drop-down for horizontal global navigation and fly-out for left navigation bars).

Mega drop-down menus allow the addition of featured content as a way to promote or market specific pages within the selected section. The Wall Street Journal includes featured content, such as blogs, videos and magazine content in their mega drop-down menus:
wsj-dropdown-sitemap
Figure 2 Wall Street Journal Mega Drop-Down Menu
Nielsen’s 2009 study concludes that Mega drop-downs work because “…they show everything at a glance, so users can seerather than try to remember.” This goes back to Nielsen’s earlier work on usability that recommends interfaces that rely on recognition rather than recall (Nielsen, 1995).
Why else do mega drop-down menus work? First typical drop-down menus often hide options. Mega drop-down menus contain all of the user’s options for a particular section in a single panel so they do not need to rely on memory. Also, regular drop-down menus don’t support groupings while a mega drop-down’s card or panel layout does. Finally, mega drop-down menus make it easy to include rich typography, images and illustrations.
Retail often also include fat menus with links to sales, promotional features and facets like “Gifts for Her,” which drive sales toward specific pages, as in the following fat menu from Bodenusa.com:
boden-footer-sitemap
Figure 3 Boden Mega Drop-Down Menu
Applying a sitemap as a tool for design, an information architect can look at a shopper’s mental model and user scenarios when shopping within a particular category, and suggest facets and features to include in fat menus. The resulting menu design can then be tested on actual users to determine if the links are appropriate and if they are likely to drive sales.
Doormat Menus
Similar to the mega drop-down menu is the “doormat navigation” design pattern described in the Nokia Developers website and Welie.com. Both display a panel of organized links to content, except the doormat navigation is typically only displayed on the home page, thus the “doormat” reference, and often displays each top-level navigation item in the same panel with sub-groupings of links, rather than focusing on a single top-level section (Welie.com).
Welie.com’s description of doormat navigation suggests that the panel contains sub-section links for each major section, while the Nokia Developers site shows doormat navigation images that are specific to a single site section (Mobile web design: doormat navigation, n.d.). Both Welie.com and Nokia note that doormat navigation is best placed on the home page of large websites with a lot of content, while Neilsen assumes mega drop-down menus would be accessible from every page of the website.
Doormat navigation may be falling out of favor or evolving toward the mega drop-down menu format. Welie.com displays an example of a doormat navigation from Adobe.com; however, Adobe’s current website features mega drop-down menus.
Footer Sitemaps
Van Dijck’s 1999 article is also a very early example of placing the sitemap on the footer of every page. An example of this method is presented on the travel site, Poor But Happy: Colombia. In fact, footer sitemaps, also called “fat footers,” do not appear to have been common before 2009, based on a scan of literature on the topic.
move-to-colombia-sitemap
Figure 4 Poor But Happy: Colombia Sitemap Footer (van Dijck, 2000).
In contrast to van Dijck’s sitemap footer, recent fat footers typically present an abbreviated list of links to major sub-pages of each top-level section, rather than a complete sitemap. Below is a fat footer from the Wall Street Journal:
wsj-footer-sitemap
Figure 5 Wall Street Journal Footer
In Jakob Neilsen’s 2012 article on “SEO and Usability,” he cautions against attempting to stuff fat footers or menus with an entire website. Carefully curated footer content can strengthen structural SEO by guiding link juice to the site’s best pages about each key topic” (Nielsen, 2012). This needs to be balanced by keeping the information compact and scannable enough to prevent confusing the user.
I interviewed search engine optimization expert, Shari Thurow, to explore further the effect of fat menus and footers on search engine optimization and findability. She agrees with Nielsen. Thurow said, “Too many links on a page, unless it is a page where humans expect a lot of links (site map/index, top-level category page, View all page, etc.) actually impedes findability. So mega menus should not be too large, ironically” (S. Thurow, personal communication, November 29, 2013). Having a complete sitemap on every page, as van Dijck recommended, may dilute the effectiveness of the search engine optimization strategy as well.
Thurow notes that it is also helpful that menus are coded in a way that is crawlable by search engines and visible to screen readers. Not all menu scripts are accessible. She further recommends that a sitemap page include not only organized links of all site content, but also annotations that provide “…keyword-rich content for the search engines to spider” (Thurow & Musica, 2009, p. 118).  Additionally, Thurow suggests that fat menus and sitemaps by themselves are not enough.  She notes that “..wayfinder pages, like a Brands A-Z page, are really helpful for both humans and search engines” (S. Thurow, personal communication, November 29, 2013).
XML Sitemaps
The ability of search engines to spider library catalogs and other so-called deep Web content is a challenge. Vinit Kumar of the Institute of Library and Information Science, Bundelkhand University, experimented with developing an XML sitemap that can be read by search engines to expose OPAC content to search engines (Kumar, 2012). He presents two ways to create these sitemaps via locally run, hand-coded routines or remote sitemap generation services (p. 495-496). Some local routines include GSiteCrawler (http://gsitecrawler.com/), G-Mapper (http://www.dbnetsolutions.co.uk/gmapper/), and WebDesignPros Sitemap Generator (http://www.webdesignpros.ca).
Remote services include Google Webmaster tools and search engine-specific tools that access a website’s sitemap page. Kumar notes that for most of the remote services, the OPAC data needs to be publicly available in order to be spidered. If the OPAC data is obscure, then additional coding or a local option may be necessary.
XML sitemaps also provide the benefit of encoding semantic web metadata, which offer another tool for the information architect to express meaning within a sitemap. Further research is required to test how XML sitemaps may offer benefits such as improved search and discovery.
The Future of Sitemaps
According to Dan Brown, sitemaps continue to be useful in representing content for structuring websites, despite the increasing complexity of the Web (Brown, 2011, p. 122). Sitemaps are effective tools for conceiving the overall structure of a website, but are limited in their ability to depict dynamic and user generated content accurately.
Victor Lombardi, a founder of the IA Institute, recently started a thread on iai-members discussion list on how to create a sitemap for data (Lombardi, 2013). Dorian Taylor replied with a suggestion to use Gephi, a data visualization tool, to represent the content in a network graph. In an earlier blog post, Taylor presented an example of a Gephi visualization of the IA Institute’s website that he created by using RDF data obtained from a crawler he designed (Taylor, 2011). The resulting graph presents a semantic diagram that according to Taylor precludes the need for sections because the necessary semantic relationships are already built into the RDF metadata for the links between pages.
iai-gephi-sitemap
Figure 6: Gephi Sitemap Diagram of IAInstitute.org
A sitemap as network graph is an interesting idea, but it would require user testing to understand whether website users find it easy to use. As noted above, Nielsen (2002) suggests that interactive maps should be avoided because it may confuse users. On the other hand, this type of visualization is excellent for analyzing gaps in content and natural groupings of concepts and information. That a sitemap such as this can be generated on the fly presents an interesting alternative for mapping dynamic websites and could use more exploration.
Nielsen (2002) predicted that updated versions of browsers, such as Internet Explorer, might include tools that automatically produce a usable, interactive sitemap, but pokes fun at Microsoft for not adopting feature requests quickly. Kumar returns to the idea of built-in browser assistance by noting that libraries could develop a browser plug-in to support search of library OPACs. This would allow patrons to search for catalog content within their browser’s search bar rather than directly in the OPAC. Another approach could be to code the search results so that catalog content is presented first in the results page. Without additional coding, it remains true that the designer must optimize website navigation rather than expect the browser to provide sitemap tools.
Conclusion
Sitemaps are useful tools for website design, search and navigation. Because of the evolving nature and increasing complexity of the Web, the role of the sitemap is also evolving. The sitemap is an important aid to navigating complexity for all users, whether designers, stakeholders, site users. As Brown (2011, p. 122) suggests in his conclusion to the Site Map chapter, the growing complexity is making sitemaps more important, not less so. With the increasing power of visualization and semantic web tools, we can anticipate interesting new uses of sitemaps as an analytical and navigation tool.

References
Brown, D. M. (2011). Communicating design: Developing web site documentation for design and planning. Berkeley, CA: New Riders.
Doormat navigation. Welie.com. Web. Retrieved on November 20, 2013 fromhttp://www.welie.com/patterns/showPattern.php?patternID=doormat
Garrett, J. J. (2002). Elements of user experience. Indianapolis, IN: New Riders.
Garrett, J. J. (2011). The elements of user experience: User-centered design for the Web and beyond. Berkeley, CA: New Riders.
Kumar, V. (2012). Exposing library catalogues to search engines. DESIDOC Journal Of Library & Information Technology, 32(6), 493-497.
Mobile web design: Doormat navigation. Nokia Developer. Web. Retrieved on November 20, 2013 fromhttp://developer.nokia.com/Community/Wiki/Mobile_Web_Design_:_Doormat_Navigation
Rosenfeld, L., & Morville, P. (2002). Information architecture for the World Wide Web. Sebastopol, Calif: O’Reilly.
Nielsen, J. (March 23, 2009). Mega menus work well for site navigation. Web. Retrieved on November 29, 2013 fromhttp://www.nngroup.com/articles/mega-menus-work-well/
Nielsen, J. (September 2, 2008). Site map usability. Web. Retrieved on November 29, 2013http://www.nngroup.com/articles/site-map-usability/
Nielsen, J. (January 6, 2002). Site map usability, 1st study. Web. Retrieved on November 29, 2013 fromhttp://www.nngroup.com/articles/site-map-usability-1st-study/
Nielsen, J. (January 1, 1995). Ten Usability Heuristics. Web. Retrieved on November 29, 2013 fromhttp://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html
Nielsen, J. (August 13, 2012). SEO and Usability. Web. Retrieved on December 1, 2013 fromhttp://www.nngroup.com/articles/seo-and-usability/
Nielsen, J., & Tahir, M. (2002). Homepage usability: 50 websites deconstructed. Indianapolis, IN: New Riders.
Taylor, D. (2013, November 26). Site maps from data? Message posted to http://lists.iainstitute.org/private.cgi/iai-members-iainstitute.org/2013-November/010838.html
Taylor, D. (2011). Content Robo Inventory.  Web. Retrieved on December 1, 2013 from http://doriantaylor.com/content-robo-inventory
Thurow, S., & Musica, N. (2009). When search meets web usability. Berkeley, Calif: New Riders.
Turbeck, S. (January 30, 2006). The lazy IA’s guide to making sitemaps. Boxes and Arrows. Retrieved on December 1, 2013 from http://boxesandarrows.com/the-lazy-ias-guide-to-making-sitemaps/
van Dijck, P. (1999). The problem(s) with sitemaps. Web. Retrieved on November 29, 2013 from http://evolt.org/node/710/
van Dijck, P. (2000). Poor hut happy: Colombia. Web. Retrieved on November 29, 2013 from  http://web.archive.org/web/20001204205500/http://poorbuthappy.com/colombia/index.html

Sunday, April 06, 2014

West 104th Street Block Association Moves Ahead with Re-Design

The West 104th Street Block Association voted to adopt the website design and strategy developed by my team at Pratt Institute. The new web design will update the association’s site from the outdated world of frames and IE4 era optimization to a sleek, modern WordPress interface. Key improvements include an organized layout, legible fonts, searchable newsletter archive, updated content, livelier images, and the ability for board members to edit and add content without needing to understand HTML or php.
While the site is in production, here is a peek at the old and new sites:
Screen Shot 2014-04-06 at 1.49.48 PM

Wednesday, February 26, 2014

Stump and Moo

…and for my first piece of post-MLIS magic, I started a project cataloging cows. Literally. It's a small cattle ranch management app and won't be public. Mostly coding and connecting to no-SQL database MongoDB, which is based in JSON and has interesting linked data possibilities.

I have also started interning at Architecture_MPS, an online architecture journal. I am developing an image archive of presidential campaign photos from 2000 to 2012. More when there is something to show.

Tuesday, January 14, 2014

Fall Projects: User Research

My Information Architecture class conducted a semester-long, group project to develop a website prototype for a small business or nonprofit group. My group, including Eleanor Meyer, Jan Diolola, Storey Radziunas and me, formed a group called Community Design and selected the West 104th Street Block Association as our client. Since I have a prior relationship with the block association as the caretaker of their digital newsletter repository, I had close access to members of the association board and the community and knew that their site was in desperate need of a facelift.

We each selected a different user population to study including senior citizens and older adults, families living in the neighborhood, young families considering a move to the neighborhood and couples without children. My group presented our design to the block association, who has agreed to adopt it for their next redesign. Next step is building the thing. Congrats, Team!

Read more about this project at my Pratt SILS E-Portfolio:

Friday, December 13, 2013

Fall Projects in Digital Archives

This Fall I participated in two digital archives projects, where I served on the metadata team. The first was an oral history archive for dance journalist, Barbara Newman, who had a collection of interviews from the 1970s to this past year, in which she spoke with dancers, choreographers and others affiliated in the dance community. The interviews were primary sources for Ms. Newman's book Grace Under Pressure. The website, Dance Dialogues, is a compilation of interviews from several of her books. I participated on the metadata team, where we ensured that our classmates' records were properly tagged with our selected schema. I also digitized interviews with Mark Morris and tagged and uploaded interviews with Katie Wade and Robert Denvers.

The second project was for the American Jewish Historical Society and the Center for Jewish History with their Jews in America project. The goal of the project is to create a gateway to Jewish heritage artifacts at institutions across the United States. My team selected the Charleston College Low Country Digital Library, which has a rich collection of oral histories and papers from American Jewry in the Charleston region. We selected collections from LCDL that best fit the Jews in America vision, harvested metadata and URLs from the collection and delivered it to AJHS for inclusion in their database. I recently ran into Susan Malbin at the 2nd Annual METRO Conference, who told me that the Charleston team was one of two of the four class projects that would likely be included in the Jews in America repository. Congrats, Team!

Friday, November 01, 2013

E-Portfolio Completed

An e-Portfolio is one of the degree requirements for the Pratt MSLIS program. I just sent mine in and a few minutes later, I got a note that I passed. Now I can focus on my class projects.

My e-Portfolio

Monday, September 16, 2013

Folksonomies in Museums at Pratt Alumni Day

Honored once again to be nominated by the SILSSA officers to present our poster, Folksonomies in Museums at  Alumni Day Academic Fair on Saturday, September 28th from 1-3pm in the Student Union on the Brooklyn Campus. Thanks and hugs to co-authors Dana Hart and Kathleen Dowling.

Wednesday, August 28, 2013

Summer School

My summer involved a full set of research courses, including Museums & Library Research at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Researching Local Histories and the Summer Map Institute at NYPL. The workload was a bit heavy due to the fact that the MetMuseum course was not actually a two week course, as noted in the bulletin, but two weeks of seminar followed by a month of intensive research. Ultimately it was a great experience, working in three very different kinds of research: museum artifacts, local landmarks and maps.

NYC Garden Maps banner image
NYC Garden Maps, a WordPress site on community gardening in New York City

My map project on NYC Garden Maps is done. I am editing the final deliverables for presentation here, including a walking tour of the Bloomingdale neighborhood on the Upper West Side and a MetMuseum exhibition guide. Look for these shortly.

Also, I spent the summer with my linked data team refining our paper on "Linked Data for Cultural Institutions," which has been accepted to ACM's 2013 SIGDOC conference. This has been a challenging and extremely rewarding experience and I thank my teammates and co-authors, Julia Marden, Carolyn Li-Madeo and Jeff Edelstein of Pratt Institute. I celebrated the end of an intense summer with two weeks in the Massachusetts Berkshires.

Thursday, July 25, 2013

Map Literature Review

For this literature review I selected two sources, one practical and one fanciful. The practical source is “Digital Map Librarianship: A Working Syllabus” from the IFLA Section of Geography and Map Libraries. The fanciful one is You Are Here: Personal Geographies and other Maps of the Imagination by Katherine Harmon. I actually own a copy of Harmon's book and browse through it frequently.


“Digital Map Librarianship: A Working Syllabus,” IFLA Section of Geography and Map Libraries. Accessed July 24, 2013, http://magic.lib.uconn.edu/exhibits/ifla/.

“Digital Map Librarianship: A Working Syllabus” was prepared by the IFLA Section of Geography and Map Libraries to provide a framework for teaching librarians how to use digital cartographic materials and metadata, developing a collection website and preparing a reference guide. The materials are divided into sections, each of which contain detailed information about a series of subtopics and a suggested citation for further reading.

The “What is a digital map” section compares the function and features of paper versus digital maps and explains basic concepts of digital maps such as raster and vector data, primary and secondary sources, and features of the spatial database like scale, projection, symbols, spatial data quality that may be unique to digital information.

The “Working with geodata” section walks the reader through the process of accessing and downloading digital data from ESRI’s “Digital Chart of the World.” It also provides links to other digital data sources and the user guide for ArcExplorer. Unfortunately some of the links on the website are broken, including most of the external library references and the link to ArcExplorer. According to ESRI’s website, ArcExplorer has been superseded by ArcGIS Explorer, a newer version of the online software. In this case the page directs the user to the updated site.

The section on “Library functions” contains information on developing an online reference guide for users of the library’s digital collection with links to examples from a number of university libraries. It also links to building digital dataset and image collections, storage issues and processing paper collections for digitization.

The “Metadata” section provides an overview to metadata in general A link to the typology of metadata for cartographic and spatial data, including explanations of Band One through Four metadata and a useful chart identifying the purpose and formats for each level of metadata. For example, linking Band One to unstructured data, Band Two to Dublin Core/DTD, Band Three to ISBD/MARC/UNIMARC and Band Four to FGDC, CEN, ISO/Base DTD.

Evaluation

The currency of the information on this website is not optimal. There is no specific ”updated on” date information listed on the site. Clues to the age of the site include the home page, which links to “Past Workshops” dated 1996 and 1997, and section citations, which are primarily dated 1997. This suggests that the site is not maintained regularly, if at all, and accounts for the vast number of broken links. In some cases, such as the link to ArcExplorer, the target page provided a link to the updated page, but most of the library references returned an error page or resolved to the library home page. Oddens Bookmarks has been closed for a number of years. I looked at the IFLA website and found that the Section of Geography and Map Libraries no longer exists and there are no other divisions, sections, special interest groups or special programs on mapping or geography, so it is unlikely that this resource will be further updated.

Overall, this website has value as a historical document and perhaps practical value as a starting point for basic digital mapping concepts and for developing a map collection and reference materials for public use. However, there is surely more up to date information available through organizations, such as the ALA’s Map & Geospatial Information Round Table (http://www.ala.org/magirt/) or the Special Libraries Association’s Geography and Map Section (http://units.sla.org/division/dgm/).


Harmon, Katharine (ed.). You Are Here: Personal Geographies and Other Maps of the Imagination. New York, N.Y.: Princeton Architectural Press, 2004.

You Are Here: Personal Geographies and Other Maps of the Imagination, edited by Katherine Harmon is a selection of essays and full color map images created by writers, visual artists, poets, historians and map enthusiasts. I was interested in this book after having taken a unit on counter mapping in Professor Chris Sula’s Digital Humanities Course. The maps included in this volume are not maps in the sense that they represent a physical reality, but instead use the pictorial imagery of map making as a metaphor for concepts they are meant to depict.

Harmon discusses in the introduction the power that maps hold over our imaginations. She uses phrases like “terrain of imagination” and “contour lines of experience” to highlight how the coded, visual language of maps is an accessible metaphor for human expression. In pointing out the work of creative cartographers infusing maps with humor and the map maker’s particular point of view, she also underlines how even in maps that are intended to represent a physical reality are themselves skewed by the cartographer’s political, religious, or personal objectives.

This volume includes six essays and a number of poems and excerpts from literature, such as passages Lewis Carroll’s The Hunting of the Shark and Roald Dahl’s The BFG, which serve as bookends to the work. I particularly liked Lewis Carroll’s chart of the ocean from The Hunting of the Shark that pictures nothing, but is described as a map “we all could understand.”

The essays include Stephen S. Hall’s memoir of his own introduction to and love of maps and Bridget Booher’s account of a lifetime of bodily injury, represented as a kind of walking tour of her life. Roger Sheffer’s “The Mental Geography of Appalachian Trail Hikers” includes map-like drawings, doodles, instructions and detours that hikers left in guest books at trail shelters along the route. Hugh Brogan discusses the lure of maps in illustrating imaginary places in children’s literature.

Katie Davis’ “Memory Map” describes the old trope about people giving directions to strangers based on where things used to be, such as “…turn left where the big tree used to be before the earthquake,” and explains the urge people have to describe places in personal terms. I connected with this story through the research I am doing on the history of places and what used to be there.

Harmon writes that our attraction to maps is instinctive, that even if a map is of a place we’ve never been or that doesn’t even exist, we understand the image and know what to do with it. The images in this volume are particularly compelling, almost making the essays secondary.  These include memory maps, maps from fictional locations, maps of the human body, and maps that chart behaviors that lead one to heaven or hell or help one find love. Some of the maps are completely imaginary or use familiar shapes, such as hearts or country outlines to walk the viewer through a representation of an idea. Others use existing and familiar maps, such as the London Underground, as a framework for making an explicit statement about data layered on it.

Evaluation

You Are Here is an engaging look at how people use maps creatively to express ideas, opinions or to illustrate imaginary places and themes. It reveals the psychology of maps and spatial representation as a form of expression. As a map library resource, this book would be useful in exploring the choices made in iconography and representation of space. It would be particularly helpful to historians studying antiquarian maps, as some of these, while attempting to document a spatial reality, contain exaggerated or imagined boundaries, fanciful imagery and iconography of political expression. It would also find a place in arts and visual design libraries, literature libraries, as well as social and political science libraries.

Thursday, July 18, 2013

Findings Report: Web Map Resources

The following is a Findings Report on web map resources that I completed as part of a study of NYC Community Gardens for Pratt's Map Institute at the New York Public Library Map Division taught by Matt Knutzen. I reviewed the Library of Congress Geography and Map Reading Room website, GeoCommons and OASISNYC as potential resources for completing this project.


Library of Congress Geography and Map Reading Room
http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/

The Library of Congress Geography and Map Reading Room website contains information about visiting and using the institution’s physical and digital library resources. Major sections of the website include information about the history and background of the Map Division, reference services, digital collections, acquisitions and the Philip Lee Phillips Society friends of the library group.

The center of the page offers links to a featured Map of the Peninsula of Florida by Joan Vinkeboons labeled with the date “[1639?].” Clicking the map opens it in the Division’s map viewer. There are two additional links that open the “new map interface” and an older “American Memory format” which appears to be from a 1999 website design, based on the style and copyright date for many of the materials. The information in the right column contains library hours, “Ask a Librarian” online request form and a current, featured map project, “Places in History: 150th Anniversary of the U.S. Civil War (2011-2115).”

The links were a bit confusing at first since I had expected the label, “Geography & Map Division Map Collections using a new interface,” would link to a press release or a guide to the new interface. Instead it leads directly to the main page of a catalog tool for digital holdings. Unless you start from the general catalog search, most of the linked materials on the Map Division Website retrieve the older, American Memory interface.

The American Memory format link leads to the American Memory project. The interface retains the look and feel of late 1990s web development; however it does contain a useful, browsable subject and title index as well as search. The “Places in History” links also link to the older American Memory interface if you click the map itself. If you click the “more” or “learn more” links you can retrieve more detailed information in a modern interface, including links to the catalog records for cited maps, the KML file in some cases, and a link for ordering reproductions.

The American Memory interface allows you to zoom into smaller portions of a map via JPEG2000 images at various resolutions and zoom levels. The modern interface is the Library of Congress’ general catalog search filtered to the map collection. This includes a search bar with Maps selected and search results showing a summary of listings, including catalog information. Facets allow you to filter by original format, online format, date, collection, contributor, subject, location and language. This integrates the Map collection with the larger LOC catalog, providing access and discovery. An addition to this search page that is unique to the Map Division is tabs labeled “Search Maps” and “Map Collection” which offer the ability to search or browse the collection. Detailed information about the Map Viewers is another useful page included in the Digital Collections section.

From the standpoint of a researcher seeking to utilize the collection, the links on the left column of the home page describing reference policies, guides to the collection, finding aids and a link to the Online Map Collection are most useful. Reference policies describe how one can gain access to the collection and services available including how to obtain a Reader Identification Card, how to make inquiries from a distance and the kinds of copying services available, including reminders about appropriate citation and copyright permissions.

Finding aids and collection guides appear to be similar concepts, though the finding aids, of which there are only three, are EAD encoded resources, while the collection guides list a larger number of topics with web pages hosting brief descriptions and essays. A few, such as the American Women project, are multipage, curated websites. The collection guides are not uniform in layout. Some point to materials in the old American Memory format, while others are displayed in the new format that is browsable by Title, Subject, Audio, Photograph, Drawing, Video, and Written Narrative.

While I expected the NYPL would have more materials that are relevant to my research in community gardens, I wanted to look at the Library of Congress site particularly as a complement to the NYPL resources. I did find an interesting aerial mosaic of the neighborhood where my garden is located from 1929, showing some buildings that are still there and others that have since been demolished or replaced. It is interesting to see that certain surrounding features in nearby Central Park and the relative widths of major versus minor streets are still the same today as they were at the time the photographs were taken, though the paving is clearly of a different quality. Unfortunately, some of the detail is difficult to discern.


GeoCommons
http://geocommons.com/

GeoCommons is a public community website of ESRI GeoIQ users, who according to the website, "are building an open repository of data and maps for the world." The GeoIQ platform includes a features for uploading, accessing, visualizing and analyzing data. Some of these features include the ability to create and share custom maps with layered data and animations through time and space. The platform allows you to upload your own data, and it will create statistics that you can analyze and download in many formats, including CSV, KML, ESRI Shapefile, JSON and Atom. Additionally, site viewers can search for and access your map, filter the data, copy it to their own accounts so they can add or modify the data and share the results.

GeoCommons serves as an introduction to ESRI's GeoIQ enterprise edition which contains more powerful predictive analytics tools, integration with social media and the ability to keep data private and to manage access and workflow. Data can be stored in the cloud or hosted on a virtual machine. GeoIQ Connect can integrate with Oracle, MySQL, PostgreSQL, ESRI, MongoDB, and other datastores and APIs. Also, a free developers kit allows you to create custom applications that integrate with GeoIQ.

Reviewing GeoCommons from the perspective of a community garden organizer, it seems that the free version would be sufficient for most uses. Gardens could be plotted on a map and compared to surrounding land uses and current and proposed planning and construction projects. Individual gardens might like to use GeoCommons to create plot maps of members’ beds. My local community garden recently installed a beehive, so it would be an interesting project to plot areas where bees are found in the garden.

Most community gardens are not large enough or rich enough to purchase an enterprise edition; however, if it were purchased by the City Parks Department, it could conceivably be used to host and manage users who are affiliated with the department's Operation Green Thumb gardening program. Advocacy groups might like to use it to promote development of gardens in areas of greatest need. For example, the NYC Parks Department website indicates that many community gardens have historically been created in areas where access to open public spaces is limited. An existing NYC community garden map on the GeoCommons site shows a concentration of gardens in the Lower East Side and East Harlem in Manhattan and Bedford-Stuyvesant and East New York in Brooklyn.

As a research and reference tool GeoCommons is limited to the datasets that have been uploaded by site users. ESRI offers a search tool for discovery and showcases featured maps, but there is no formal index and the community of maps run the gamut from formal studies to test runs, such as the one I created to play with a community garden map that I found. As a tool for teaching basic GIS skills, the site is quite useful. It is very easy to upload data and play with the basemap and icons, and the download formats offer a way to work easily with spreadsheet views or Google Earth.


OASIS
http://www.oasisnyc.net/map.aspx

OASIS map focuses in open space in New York City. It is maintained by the Center for Urban Research at CUNY Graduate Center.  It was one of the first maps created specifically to address the low ratio of open space per citizen. It is an excellent research tool for highlighting open space and comparing to surrounding land uses.

OASIS is a collaborative project between CUNY and a number of data providers including the US. Army Corps of Engineers, the Wildlife Conservation Foundation, the Stewardship Mapping Project, the USDA Forest Service, the Manahatta Project and the Council on the Environment of NYC’s community gardens program. The diversity of partners, most of whom contributed data to analyze specific problems, is a testament to the various use cases and array of visualizations possible with this tool. The platform that OASIS runs on is ESRI ArcGIS Server with OpenLayers open source map viewing library and Javascript web framework, JS Ext.

In addition to open space and land use data, OASIS includes data layers showing transit lines, such as roads, subways, bus lines and bike routes; environmental data such as coastal storm impact zones, Forever Wild sites, and public access waterfronts; environmental impact zones, such as brownfields, hazardous waste treatment centers and volunteer cleanup sites; social services such as schools, libraries, and NYCHA and subsidized housing properties; as well as zoning, population characteristics, water and wetland areas, political boundaries and historical datasets.

It is possible to overlay data onto historical aerial photography from 1996 to 2008 via a slider interface. Also, because the map is linked to the Manhatta project, you can display recreated aerial landscapes from 1609 and overlay it with data from that period, including wildlife habitats, Lenape Indian trails, eco-community data and shorelines. Additional historic overlays include Montresor map from 1775, the Poppleton map from 1817, the Viele map from 1874, and the Bromley Atlas from 1911 (all maps from New York Public Library).

It is a powerful discovery tool. If you select a property on the map, the Location Report tab offers detailed information about the property, including tax block and lot information, owner, property dimensions, like building area, number of units and whether commercial space is included, political and community district information and other relevant information. It also has direct links to the property’s Zoning Map, NYC Dept. of Buildings and transaction records, tax assessment, the  Digital Tax Map, NYC zoning guide and NYC Watershed Resources.

OASIS is a good website for garden organizers. In fact, the community gardens project was one of the earliest projects that ran on OASIS. It lists community garden search as one of the main features on the homepage, along with special searches for stewardship organizations, such as block associations and historical societies. It functions well as a directory for these kinds of community organizations since the metadata may include contact information, website address, hours, membership and other pertinent information about the entity in addition to property information such as ownership, block and lot number and political jurisdiction.

Friday, July 12, 2013

Exhibit Review - “The ABC of It: Why Children’s Books Matter” at the NYPL

“The ABC of It: Why Children’s Books Matter” at the New York Public Library covers the history of children’s literature from three centuries of items in the Library’s collection, and explores how children’s literature exposes society’s understanding of how a child learns and the social and moral priorities of children’s education at a given period of time.

The question asked in the first hall is “Are children born innocent or sinful?” The earliest books for children included reading primers from the early Eighteenth Century, reflecting Cotton Mather’s view that children’s books should reflect moral ideals. This idea contrasted with alternative views by John Locke, who felt that children needed stories that would delight and entertain, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose idea was that children should be given only the bare truth. The question “What should children read?” is woven throughout the remainder of the exhibit as we are taken through the Library’s collection of children’s books into the modern day.

The second gallery presented a sampling of books that represented an evolution of thinking about children’s literature, “From Rote to Rhyme.” Examples included Eighteenth Century, British publisher, John Newberry’s, readers and his thoughts on equal access to children’s literature; and the Dick and Jane series, which promoted whole word reading but was later criticized as presenting white, middle class American values and identity that did not represent the diversity of experience in the United States at the time. Other examples, such as Dr. Suess’ The Cat in the Hat and James Stephens’ Irish folk tale, Carl of the Drab Coat, represented departures from more rote styles of reading, featuring fun and adventure in the texts.

The next gallery explores national and ethnic identity with works from Noah Webster, who championed a uniform American spelling system, to state run publishers from Russia and China, Japanese manga style readers for Japanese-American children during the WWII internment and post-colonial French West Africa. Twentieth century approaches such as The Bank Street School and Maria Montessori’s teaching methodologies are also explored.

As the rise of public libraries in the late nineteenth century led to greater readership among the masses, more and more titles, including young adult series and materials specifically published for gift-giving appeared. The exhibit explores popular characters, such as Winnie the Pooh, showcasing the original stuffed animals that inspired the stories, as well as Beatrice Potter and the Nancy Drew series. A brief presentation of movie and toy tie-ins and the commercialization of children’s literature came next. While the current exhibit is primarily about the Library’s book collection, rather than TV shows, an exploration of the impact of audio and video on education would have been interesting, as the Library’s collection contains a collection of children’s media in addition to books. Perhaps that would be an entire exhibit unto itself.



Throughout the exhibit, the halls contain playful structures, representing featured stories, and included interactive features, such as audio, iPad presentations and hands-on manipulatives. The first of these, near “From Rote to Rhyme,” is a large display featuring Norton Juster’s The Phantom Tollbooth and Jules Feiffer’s artwork. This interactive presentation includes a wall mural, a car that visitors can sit in and wheels where visitors can play with words from the story. In the next room, a display for Charles Lutwidge Dodgson’s Alice in Wonderland shows Alice’s neck comprised of a stack of books opening and extending toward the ceiling. A large gift box containing the Little Golden Book, The Pokey Little Puppy is located in a section on gift giving and a later room, a hedgerow represents Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden. My favorite was the crown from Maurice Sendak’s Where the Wild Things Are, which was bright yellow on one side and dark fur on the other and had a doorway cutout of a wild thing.

It wasn’t until I had passed through these rooms and noticed these featured displays, however, that I tied the presentation of the book, The Phantom Tollbooth, in the second gallery to its interactive display. I recall originally thinking it odd that the book, The Phantom Tollbooth, was set off in a case by itself, though I understood it to be a representation of playful subversion of educational theories, which the gallery addressed. I went back to it to take a closer look. I realized that perhaps because I viewed the gallery beginning with the Newberry display instead of the Rote to Rhyme case that a jump to the mid-twentieth century might have been a bit incongruous. Also, the label for The Phantom Tollbooth display was somewhat hidden on the side of the glass case holding the book, instead of next to the interactive display.

The incongruity of The Phantom Tollbooth display was really the only major criticism I had of the exhibit as a whole. The library did a good job taking the visitor through a history of children’s literature through the evolution of educational theory to the rise of the public library and the democratization of reading to the commercialization of the book industry. A section on children’s book illustration, set apart in a side gallery, was a lovely exploration of artwork in children’s literature and the last gallery on New York City themes brought the visitor back to the local area just as they are about to step back out into the city itself.

The final room contained a video quiz on the entire exhibit, which was a clever way to circle back to the theme of children’s education and ask the visitor “What have you learned today?” Unfortunately, the library was closing so I didn’t have a chance to play with it.

“The ABC of It: Why Children’s Books Matter” will be at the New York Public Library, Schwartzman Building at Fifth Avenue and 41st Street until Sunday, March 23, 2014. The exhibit is free and open from 10am to 6pm Mondays, Thursdays and Fridays and 10am to 7:30pm on Tuesdays and Wednesdays.

Friday, May 10, 2013

SILS Student Showcase

I was nominated to present three projects at the Pratt SILS Student Showcase on May 10, 2013, including a review of technology platforms for a digital humanities skillshare application; a group project on linked open data at cultural heritage institutions in which I studied the Australian War Memorial, EU Screen and the Deutsche National Bibliotek; and a group project on folksonomies and social tagging in museums, which was presented at the 2013 Information Architecture Summit.

A Survey of Digital Humanities Skillshare Applications, nominated for the Pratt SILS Showcase:

The DH skillshare website is available here: DH Skillshare

Linked Open Data for Cultural Heritage, group project nominated for Pratt SILS Student Showcase. Poster, presentation and paper below.

LOD for CH Poster:

LOD for CH Presentation:

Paper: Linked Open Data for Cultural Heritage
By Jeff Edelstein, Lola Galla, Carolyn Li-Madeo, Julia Marden, Alison Rhonemus, Noreen Whysel
Abstract: This paper surveys the landscape of linked open data projects in cultural heritage, exam- ining the work of groups from around the world. Traditionally, linked open data has been ranked using the five star method proposed by Tim Berners-Lee. We found this ranking to be lacking when evaluating how cultural heritage groups not merely develop linked open datasets, but find ways to used linked data to augment user experience. Building on the five-star method, we developed a six-stage life cycle describing both dataset development and dataset usage. We use this framework to describe and evaluate fifteen linked open data projects in the realm of cultural heritage.

Download the paper: Linked Open Data for Cultural Heritage

Poster: Folksonomies and Social Tagging in Museums, created with Kathleen Dowling and Dana Hart and presented at the 2013 Information Architecture Summit in Baltimore on April 5. This poster was nominated for the Pratt SILS Student Showcase on May 10:

The companion presentation, Folksonomies in Museums and other recent presentations are available at Slideshare.

Monday, April 08, 2013

IA Summit Poster Session

My poster: Folksonomies and Social Tagging in Museums, created with Kathleen Dowling and Dana Hart was presented at the 2013 Information Architecture Summit in Baltimore on April 5. This poster was also nominated for the Pratt SILS Student Showcase on May 10:

The companion presentation, Folksonomies in Museums and other recent presentations are available at Slideshare.